The bootstrap is a convenient tool for calculating standard errors of the parameter estimates of complicated econometric models. Unfortunately, the fact that these models are complicated often makes the bootstrap extremely slow or even practically infeasible. This paper proposes an alternative...

The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was developed in order to detect and characterize discriminatory treatment, and one of its most frequent use has been the study of wage discrimination. It recognizes that the mere difference between the average wages of two groups may not mean discrimination (in...

We analyse the costs and benefits of increasing capital requirements for Danish banks. Costs can be close to 0 if banks suspend dividend payments for a period of time as banks accumulate capital and if investors' required return falls. The latter implies that the Modigliani-Miller effect is...

A concept and mathematical model of modern economics are formulated in which a company profit is defined when taking into account possible interests of individual decision makers rather than based exclusively on benefits of either the company (ground of microeconomics) or the whole society...

Haavelmo's seminal 1943 paper is the first rigorous treatment of causality. In it, he distinguished the definition of causal parameters from their identification. He showed that causal parameters are de fined using hypothetical models that assign variation to some of the inputs determining...

The three pillars of econometric modeling are: (1) the reduced form, (2) the recursive form, and (3) the structural form. Each of these techniques exists for the purpose of revealing the joint conditional probability distributions of current and lagged endogenous variables conditional on the...

This paper introduces in statistics the notion of the barycenter of the distribution of a non-negative random variable Y with a positive finite mean μY and the quantile function Q(x). The barycenter is denoted by μX and defined as the expected value of the random variable X having the...

This paper shows how a great philosopher, like Popper, can easily fall back to a common superstitious person. This paper also criticizes the general practice by statisticians to invent ad hoc method or manipulate data to suppress errors. Instead, this paper promotes the Xenophanes spirit of...

It is well-known that outliers exist in the type of multivariate data used by financial practitioners for portfolio construction and risk management. Typically, outliers are addressed prior to model fitting by applying some combination of trimming and/or Winsorization to each individual...