This paper examines Japan's response to ‘external pressure', mainly from Europe and the US, focussing on the ‘mercantile response' by merchants and financiers. Before the beginning of free trade in 1859, many money exchange merchants in Osaka transacted with merchants and wealthy farmers...

Eine in Deutschland prominent vertretene Position schlägt vor, die Tradition des "Ehrbaren Kaufmanns" als zentrale historische Quelle heranzuziehen, um eine stärkere positive Fundierung von Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) zu ermöglichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickelt dieser Beitrag...

Many people are obsessed with the traditional exchange theory, especially with the one that depreciation helps a country's export. This paper proves that such policy is a colonial thinking to exploit the indigenous people. Since depreciation prerequisites printing money, such policy inflicts...