-monetary disincentives to corruption. In doing so, we also test the Beckarian prediction that at the same level of expected payoff, a low … probability of detection with high penalty is a stronger deterrent to corruption than a high probability of detection with low …

Adding to the literature on factors driving corruption and bribery, this paper examines the effect of contestability in …

dynamics of bribes and violence around elections in democracies and autocracies using a novel measure of corruption based on …

The topic of corruption has recently attracted a great deal of attention, yet there is still a lack of micro level … empirical evidence regarding the determinants of corruption. Furthermore, the present literature has not investigated the … effects of political interest on corruption despite the interesting potential of this link. We address these deficiencies by …

and engage in local corruption to avoid punishment. When law enforcers are sufficiently well-paid, difficult to bribe and … corruption detection highly probable, we show that increasing policing or sanctions effectively deters crime. However, when … punishment induce organized crime to corruption, and ensuing impunity leads too higher rather than lower crime. …

enforcers - on corruption, drug dealing, and other forms of sequential, bilateral, illegal trade. We find that when not properly …

-givers should be punished for giving bribes, but not for accepting the bribetakers' reciprocity. -- corruption ; asymmetric …