In 2009, Belgium and the Netherlands announced a deal to send approximately 500 Belgian inmates to Dutch prisons, in exchange for an annual payment of £26 million. The arrangement was unprecedented, but justified as beneficial to both nations: Belgium had too many prisoners and not enough...

This article deals with the dynamic interpretation of International Treaties. Albeit not codified as such, this crossover dimension of interpretation finds the place it deserves in Art. 31, especially, yet not exclusively, in its Par. 3 lit. c). Widely and often resorted to by all international...

This paper argues that, while a pro-development interpretation is warranted for the multilateral TRIPS agreement, it should not be applied to recent bilateral treaties known as “TRIPS Plus.” This case is made despite the fact that TRIPS Plus treaties appear on their face to be more...

A central question in discussions of integrating negotiations over domestic policy (e.g., environmental policy or labor standards) into traditional trade agreements is the degree to which the trade policy and domestic policy provisions of an agreement should be explicitly linked. For example,...

The problem of compliance with treaty obligations has been an area of active study in international environmental law because of its importance to the effectiveness of environmental treaties. This paper examines the problem of enforcement as an important and distinct component of compliance....

This paper develops an empirical framework for analyzing the timing of international treaties. A treaty is modeled as a dynamic game among governments that decide on participation in every period. The net benefit of treaty membership increases over time. Spillovers among members and non members...

Because of the difficulties of distinguishing friend and foe, security and insecurity, or even war and peace, terrorism appears to be an endemic and endless risk. The embedded nature of the terrorist risk appears to demand the treatment of one's neighbour as potentially friend and foe. One of...

The proper constitution of an Arbitral Tribunal will determine the validity and enforceability of an award. This paper deals with the different problematics that multi arbitrator tribunals, in specific those panels formed under the scheme of party appointed arbitrators can face during the...