Suppose the value of a firm is endogenously determined by a manager's costly effort. We call this manager a distinguished player if he also can trade shares of the firm on a market. Arbitrage-free asset pricing theory suggests that the equilibrium market price reflects the value increasing...

To value shares there are two usual methods that, if properly applied, provide the same value: 1/ Present value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtract the value of debt; and 2/ Present value of expected equity cash flows (ECF) discounted with the Ke...

This paper presents a real valuation performed by a well-known investment bank, with two common errors and with two very different values for the equity of a firm:a) €6,9 million calculating the Present Value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtracting...

The Total Return (TR), also called “return including dividends” and “Total Index Return” provides the theoretical return of a share, assuming that dividends are re-invested to purchase additional shares.The Total Return for All Shareholders (TRAS) is the return that all the shareholders...

This paper contains the statistics of a survey about the Risk-Free Rate (RF) and the Market Risk Premium (MRP) used in 2020 for 81 countries. We got answers for 87 countries, but we only report the results for 81 countries with more than 6 answers.Many respondents use for European countries a RF...

The PER is the most commonly used parameter in the stock market. The PER is the result of dividing the equity market value by the company's profit after tax.The PER depends on a number of factors, some of which are out of the company's control, such as variations in interest rates, and others...

This paper contains a collection and classification of 119 errors seen in company valuations performed by financial analysts, investment banks and financial consultants. The author had access to most of the valuations referred to in this paper in his capacity as a consultant in company...

La versioacute;n espantilde;ola de este artiacute;culo se puede encontrar en: lt;a href=quot;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1267987quot;gt;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1267987lt;/agt;.lt;brgt;lt;brgt;In this paper, I describe the four main groups comprising the most widely used company valuation methods:...

This paper shows 10 valuation methods based on equity cash flow; free cash flow; capital cash flow; APV (Adjusted Present Value); business's risk-adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; risk-free rate-adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; economic profit; and...