"The contemporary orthodox view of world trade has centred, generally unchallenged, on the ideas of free trade, based … and underdeveloped regions of the world: a global trading regime that is capable of increasing GDP in a sustainable manner …

pattern of trade and development in the world economy is determined mainly by history. Cumulative causation has created … are consistent with the world economy, they fall short of providing convincing empirical support for the approach. Using …