model, we argue these results provide credible evidence of the presence of clientelism rather than programmatic politics. …

from cross-section of the countries, confirm this hypothesis. We use military spending as an indicator of the patronage to …

these are often entrenched in patron-client networks. And while studies of collective action under clientelism are in short … context-specific, which matters a great deal for their implications for collective action. Making use of a natural experiment … by itself, block peasant collective action. Rather, it is the interaction between clientelism and isolation that allow …

We study the long-run implications of regional and ethnic favoritism in Africa. Combining geocoded individual … countries, we explore the educational attainment of adults who were exposed to favoritism at various points during their life …. We find that generic male respondents exposed to regional favoritism during their adolescence have higher educational …

This paper examines whether an institution has a differing impa ct on cooperation if it is introduced by a … implemented institutions lead to m ore cooperation than iden- tical exogenous institutions. Especially the subjects who i nitially …