Numerous studies investigate which sanctioning institutions prevent cartel formation but little is known as to how … sanctions are effective in hindering cartel formation not only because they introduce a risk of being fined but also by reducing …

on average significantly lower in cartel years than in non-cartel years. …

Germany, we study a cartel breakdown to identify the effect of competition on transport distances. Our econometric analyses …

direction in which to rig the rate, however, their interests need to be sufficiently aligned. In this paper we develop cartel … theory to show how an interbank lending rates cartel can be sustained by preemptive portfolio changes. Exchange of … in eligible transactions rigging to justify their submissions. As the cartel is not able to always find stable …