Physically, pollution occurs because it is virtually impossible to have a productive process that involves no waste …; economically, pollution occurs because polluting is less expensive than operating cleanly. This chapter explores the sources and … consequences of, and remedies for, pollution and associated environmental damages. If all goods had well-defined property rights …

The paper studies the effect of public transport policies on urban pollution. It uses a quantitative equilibrium model … with residential choice and mode choice. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters … transport coupled with increasing transit speed affects the equilibrium. In the baseline simulation, total pollution falls by 0 …