public consultations on a possible new competition tool and a possible ex-ante regulation of large online platforms (so … regulate or not to regulate is not anymore a Shakespearian issue. A regulation is inevitable. If the why seems obvious the how … is still an open question. Should the regulation be symmetric (applicable to all firms equally) or asymmetric (applicable …

advantage. We examine the effect of an antitrust policy that prohibits both platforms (symmetric regulation), or just the … incumbent (asymmetric regulation) from charging predatory prices. We show that symmetric regulation decreases efficiency …. Asymmetric regulation improves welfare when the size of the market remains constant over time and when platforms are shortsighted …

regulation. The analysis yields four main results: (i) Optimal regulation is product- and platform-specific. Interventions that …

Antitrust law and telecommunications regulation have long adopted different stances on whether to mandate open access … particular, the authors outline three alternative models that the FCC could adopt to guide its regulation of information …

The future of Germanys electricity regulation is still an open question. This paper deals with alternative …