The problem of compliance with treaty obligations has been an area of active study in international environmental law because of its importance to the effectiveness of environmental treaties. This paper examines the problem of enforcement as an important and distinct component of compliance....

While negotiations on a global deal to curb greenhouse gas emissions continue in slow motion, the pace of climatic change gains momentum. Higher than ever atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations1 increase the likelihood and frequency of extreme weather events, as well as the probability of...

Global climate change is a multi-faceted international crisis that requires creative and flexible regulatory solutions. Addressing the principal anthropogenic cause of climate change—carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels—has been the focus of the international response to...

Economics and security seem increasingly intertwined. Citing national security, states subject foreign investments to new scrutiny, even unwinding mergers like the purchase of Grindr or the creation of TikTok. The provision of 5G has become a diplomatic battleground – Huawei at its center....

In political science, legal and economic literature, there has been a lot of debate on how to achieve an optimal compliance especially with multi-lateral environmental treaties. This chapter attempts to present the literature indicating under what conditions compliance with global environmental...