The European Union (EU) advocates a plastic waste recycling rate of more than 55% through home separation by households …. Even for the Netherlands, which has already invested heavily in plastic recycling policies, there is still a challenge to … recycling plastic waste increases, if post separation is chosen …

The regulation of genetically modified products pursuant to statutes enacted decades prior to the advent of … regulation unnecessarily expose society and the environment to the downside risks of biotechnology and introduce numerous … inefficiencies into the regulatory system. These risks and inefficiencies include gaps in regulation, duplicative and inconsistent …

In this paper we consider a competitive economy with flows of materials from extraction via recycling to landfilling … which exhibits distortions due to pollution, external landfilling costs and inefficient product design. The allocative … stimulates recycling as expected. But it also increases primary material extraction and - possibly - the total waste flow, and it …