pandemic, relative to enhancing unemployment benefits. A large proportion of the economy is forced to shut down, and firms in … payroll, which speeds up labor market recovery after the pandemic ends. However, a wage subsidy can be costlier than enhancing …

Markovian probabilistic approach, with Feynman's path calculation and Dirac notations, in order to observe how a pandemic risk … may affect an insurer via reduced business. We also examine how the effects of a pandemic can be taken into account both … during and at the end of the process. Examples are also provided showing the potential effects of a pandemic on different …