The principle of Wa'd or promise can be used to structure innovative shariah compliant hedging instruments. Conventional hedging products such as forward currency contracts and currency swaps are prohibited in Islamic Finance principally due to the issue of riba and to the violation of bay...

We study the impact of ambiguity on two alternative institutions of financial intermediation in an economy where consumers face uncertain liquidity needs. The ambiguity the consumers experience is modeled by the degree of confidence in their additive beliefs. We analyze the optimal liquidity...