The perspective of modern macroeconomic theory, be it new classical or old and new Keynesian, is that unemployment can be reduced only if real wages are cut. The modern Keynesians, basing themselves upon the microfoundations of efficiency wage theory, argue that real wages cannot and will not be...

Research in the analytics of efficiency wage and x-efficiency theories is one of the focal points of behavioral economics. A fundamental assumption to these theories is that of effort discretion-that individuals have some control over both the quality and quantity dimensions of the effort they...

According to standard neoclassical theory a higher real wage will result in less employment and a lower rate of employment growth than a lower real wage and thus exogenous interventions in the labor market which increase real wage, such as minimum wage legislation and unionization, are said to...

Developing an alternative and more realistic modeling of the firm, the key point of this paper is that workers cooperatives represent a form of corporate governance, which is a subset of the participatory organizational form, that constitutes a competitive alternative to the typical relatively...