This paper incorporates a bubble term in the standard FTPL equation to explain why countries with persistently negative primary surpluses can have a positively valued currency and low inflation. It also provides an example with closed-form solutions in which idiosyncratic risk on capital...

This study presents an assessment of the links between the real interest rate and the growth rate. In the first part of the paper we recall the theoretical foundations of these links. In the second part, we compare empirical data with the predictions of the theory. The real interest rate should...

This article defines the natural interest rate, analysing the concept and its role in monetary policy conduct. Estimates of the natural interest rate place it at historically low and even negative levels. Demographics and growth, but also the recent financial crisis with weak aggregate demand,...