-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the … corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve …

Corruption is often cited as a fundamental obstacle to economic development, making anticorruption initiatives an … important policy objective. However, there is little convincing empiricalevidence concerning the benefits of anti-corruption … reform. We fill this gap by identifying a set ofcountries that experienced a sustained increase in corruption control and …

imbalances in the world economy. -- Balance of Payments Constrained Growth ; Harrod Trade Multiplier ; North-South Models …