Jus cogens are a species of supernorm in international law. They are universally binding and trump all contrary rules—such as treaties and customary international law. They are typically framed in terms of substantive prohibitions: no genocide, no slavery, no crimes against humanity, etc. This...

Trade is key to development. In order for any nation to develop, pathways to trade need to be favorable. The EEC’s and then the EU’s development cooperation policies have historically supported favorable trade agreements with Africa. From Yaoundé through Lomé 4 bis, elements such as the...