The doctrine of "Islamic economics" entered debates over the social role of Islam in the mid-twentieth century. Since …, Timur Kuran argues that the doctrine of Islamic economics is simplistic, incoherent, and largely irrelevant …

, ministers, reformers, and merchants thought about imperialism, economics, industry, and reform in the early modern period. …, reformers, and merchants thought about imperialism, economics, industry, and reform in the early modern period. … philosophers, ministers, reformers, and even merchants thought about economics, as well as industrial policy and reform, in the …

Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism proposes a strikingly original thesis—that capitalism first emerged in Arabia …, not in late medieval Italian city states as is commonly assumed. Early Islam made a seminal but largely unrecognized … dynasty of religious, civil, and commercial leaders, Muhammad was a successful businessman before founding Islam. As such, the …