), empirical results from gravity equations are likely to be biased. -- gravity equation ; trade costs ; estimation bias …

this upward bias results from aggregation along the extensive industry margin, which is why the bias is much smaller and …

this upward bias results from aggregation along the extensive industry margin, which is why the bias is much smaller and …

inter-city trade data, we identify a substantial centrality bias: Shipments from central places to their hinterland are 50 …%-125% larger than predicted by gravity forces. This upward bias stems from aggregating across industries, which are hierarchically … centrality bias along the margins of our data, we find that the by far largest part of this aggregation bias can be attributed to …