prices. Using a panel of bilateral commuting flows, I estimate a quantitative spatial general equilibrium model to quantify … the welfare benefits of urban rail transit and distinguish the benefits of reduced commuting frictions from other channels …. The subway causes a 7%-13% increase in commuting between pairs of connected tracts; I select plausible control pairs using …

An unappreciated potential benefit of commuting subsidies is that they can expand the choice set of feasible job … opportunities in a way that facilitates a better job match quality. Variations in wages and initial commuting distances, combined … with major reforms of the commuting subsidy formula in Germany, generate worker-specific variation in commuting subsidy …