-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the … corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve …

This paper develops a simple framework to analyze the links between corruption and the unofficial economy and their …

This paper develops a simple framework to analyze the links between corruption and the unofficial economy and their …

This paper provides a simple model of corruption dynamics with the ratchet effect. Corrupt officials have ex post the … decrease. We also explore the effect of the official's tenure stability on the extent of corruption. This allows us to identify … circumstances under which the often observed practice of job rotation can help mitigate corruption. …

Paper discusses the factors that contribute to the spread of corruption as well as the implications of corruption for … markets and for public sector activities. It is argued that corruption can be contained mainly by a scaling down of the public …

empirical study of the relationships among the ranks of corrupt officials, legal institutional design and corruption punishment … distorted representation that the corruption punishment of higher-level corrupt officials is lighter. However, by considering … the legal system design and controlling for the diminishing marginal effect of corruption punishment, the influences of …

This paper examines the effectiveness of corruption control depending upon whether the bribe taker or the bribe giver … paid bureaucrats demand smaller bribes. Some implications for anti-corruption policy are discussed …