We review methods and models for estimating term premia on long-term government bonds. We then use these models to estimate term premia on US and euro area bonds and explore their recent behaviour. Although the models produce different estimates for the level of term premia, they largely concur...

Bank capital ratios have increased steadily since the financial crisis. For a sample of 94 large banks from advanced and emerging economies, retained earnings account for the bulk of their higher risk-weighted capital ratios, with reductions in risk weights playing a lesser role. On average,...