costs can arise from honest mistakes (which generate competence costs) and from disloyal conduct (which generates conflict … costs). Because the expected costs of competence and conflict are firm-specific, the optimal division of control is firm …

becomes more serious, the players devote fewer resources to the intra-group conflict. Moreover, there is also a 'reversed …

In many situations there is a potential for conflict both within and between groups. Examples include wars and civil … wars and distributional conflict in multitiered organizations like federal states or big companies. This paper models such … situations with a logistic technology of conflict. If individuals decide simultaneously and independently about the amount of …

When do opposition groups decide to mount a terrorism campaign and when do they enter an open civil conflict against … the ruling government? This paper models an opposition group's choice between peace, terrorism, and open conflict …. Terrorism emerges if executive constraints are intermediate and rents are sizeable. Open conflict is predicted to emerge under …