that offsetting effects on the newly imposed tariffs were substantial. …

This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs … but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there … is a progression from u sing tariffs only to quotas, and to antidumping constraints (when quotas are jointly eliminated …

Spain concerning import tariffs on Cuban and Puerto Rican sugar. The debate is reconstructed and related carefully both to …