Keynes' Liquidity theory relies on three underpinnings: uncertainty, hoarding and speculation. This paper examines their validity, and finds that: 1. Uncertainty means precautionary demand; 2. Hoarding is the negation of money supply; 3. Speculation may lose money. It also finds that Keynes'...

In June 2022, the Federal Reserve started reducing the size of its balance sheet, which had expanded to just under $9 trillion in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, whereas banks' reserves at the Federal Reserve have decreased, the investment of money market funds (MMFs) at the Federal...

It is given a deterministic dynamic equation of exchange taking into account existence of production-sale cycles with different periods. Obtained equation is strictly based on stock-flow consistent approach. The equation is a sort of law of money conservation. It is confirmed that Fisher's...

This article assesses economic growth in the context of consumer saturation. We show that consumer based economies tend to suffer from demand saturation after an initial and prolonged period of growth. However, structural demand saturation irrevocably triggers a Minsky-type super cycle that is...

I use micro data to quantify key features of U.S. firm financing. In particular, I establish that a substantial 35% of firms' investment is funded using financial markets. I then construct a dynamic equilibrium model that matches these features and fit the model to business cycle data using...

The quantity theory of money is a theory that the quantity of money matters in income creation. Curiously, this theory may be developed in two mutually exclusive manners. One is by thinking that the quantity of money that matters in income creation is the quantity of money “in” circulation...

In 2016, the volume of bank lending resumed growth. However, its level remains below the 2014 indicators and is insufficient to curtail the reduction of the population's loan debt volumes. There is a shift in the retail bank lending debt structure in favor of the long-term and cheaper mortgages....

This paper studies a modern monetary economy: trade in both goods and securities relies on money provided by intermediaries. While money is valued for its liquidity, its creation requires costly leverage. Inflation, security prices and the transmission of monetary policy then depend on the...

The present work estimates collected seigniorage levels in the Venezuelan economy from 1994Q1 to 2018Q2 and tries to determine when and if a seigniorage-maximizing inflation rate occurred and this way provide a rational on the development of hyperinflation in the country. Results suggest that...