Within the field of innovation studies, researchers have identified several market failures that hamper investment in R&D, innovation and growth in a market economy. Several policies such as government subsidies, tax deductions, soft loans, and public venture capital provided to firms that...

Rational choice theories assume that voters accurately assess the outcomes of policies. However, many important policies - such as regulating prices and introducing Pigouvian taxation - yield outcomes through indirect or equilibrium effects that may differ from their direct effects. Citizens may...

The theoretical linkages between openness and long-run economic growth are established with the development of new growth theories. In this literature, it has been shown that openness affects economic growth through a number of channels and the direction of this effect is closely related to the...