unofficial economy. And countries with a larger unofficial economy tend to grow more slowly. Johnson, Kaufmann, and Shleifer … (1997) found that, in post-communist economies, the unofficial economy's share of GDP is determined by the extent of control … unofficial economy accounts for a larger share of GDP where there is great bureaucratic inefficiency and discretion, and where …

a lack of a hard budget constraint, exports this feature to the economy organizations it oversees. The channel through …This paper develops the theory of entangled political economy by outlining a process by which the political … which it does so is the repeated interactions of economy and polity organizations' agents during times of crisis. The …

development (GDP per capita) seems to be the most important. Foreign aid and trade openness show less clear results. Noneconomic …