An intangible is a non-monetary asset that manifests itself by its economic properties. It does not have physical substance but grants rights and economic benefits to its owner. The examination of the general approaches of valuation of companies is preliminary to the estimation of assets such as...

Policy makers need reliable estimates of direct costs of pharmaceutical R&D, in order to contain health-care costs and at the same time maintain a supportive environment for investment in research. This paper evaluates the application of parametric estimating methods to the late stage clinical...