transformation. The standard trade theory postulates that trade openness contributes to poverty alleviation directly by changing … the trade-to-grossdomestic-product ratio to measure openness often fail to find a direct effect of openness on poverty over … effectiveness of the factor proportion channel may be due to limitations of the commonly used measure of trade openness: the trade …

captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (outward processing trade …This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country's export performance, as measured by product … neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and …

subsidy spurs global demand for food and confers a terms-of-trade benefit to the food-exporting nation. This might encourage … subsidization. Terms-of-trade effects wash out between trading nations; hence, any policy intervention by the two trading nations … that raises crude use must be jointly suboptimal. -- Optimal biofuel subsidy ; Pigouvian tax ; terms-of-trade ; pollution …

subsidy spurs global demand for food and confers a terms-of-trade benefit to the food-exporting nation. This might encourage … subsidization. Terms-of-trade effects wash out between trading nations; hence, any policy intervention by the two trading nations …

finds it more difficult to grow because its terms of trade shift against it. When this model is estimated on data for 1965 … Africa, these terms of trade effects would have lowered its growth rate by almost 1 percentage point per year. The results …