This open access book proposes a conceptual framework for understanding measurement across a broad range of scientific fields and areas of application, such as physics, engineering, education, and psychology. It addresses contemporary issues and controversies within measurement in light of the...

1. Benchmarking -- 2. An Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis -- 3. Probability Theory -- 4. Stochastic Data Envelopment Analysis -- 5. Stochastic Network Data Envelopment Analysis -- 6. Stochastic Scale Elasticity.

This paper reports the results of an individual real effort laboratory experiment where subjects are paid for measured performance. Measured performance equals actual performance plus noise. We compare a stable environment where the noise is small with a volatile environment where the noise is...