capital investments. Combining a number of large georeferenced administrative datasets from Brazil, we estimate the effect of … violence in the surroundings of schools has a detrimental effect on school attendance and on standardised test scores in math …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

Pressure groups may use bribes, violence, or a combination of both to bend politics to their will, and the choice … dynamics of bribes and violence around elections in democracies and autocracies using a novel measure of corruption based on … pressure groups use political violence to sway democratic elections in favor of their preferred candidates, while resorting to …