To reduce funds for Russia’s Ukraine invasion, Western governments imposed a price ceiling on Russian seaborne oil … exports using Western services. To sell above that ceiling, Russia developed a “shadow fleet” which uses no such services. We … present value of Russia’s profits, we find that the tighter the ceiling and the tighter the enforcement, the less harm …

This paper surveys the economic literature on competitive issues in domestic petroleum refining and marketing provides … petroleum prices; (2) causes of price asymmetry; (3) effects of forced deintegration through open supply and divorcement polices … supply policies tend to increase costs and prices, and petroleum mergers have, on balance, increased prices. Merger studies …