This paper identifies and discusses four issues in creating annuities in (nonfinancial) defined contribution (NDC) schemes that are essential for systems' financial stability and fair inter or intragenerational redistribution. The first issue is the choice between incorporating the rate of...

For an increasing number of people the daily life operates simultaneously at two scales - a super-structural scale (the Regional City) and a sub-structural scale (the local place). 'Local places' refer here, foremost, to smaller settlements and towns throughout a region, rather than subcentres...