independently. We build a three-country oligopolistic trade model by incorporating the endogenous determination of standards by …This study considers endogenous determination of domestic standards on products that cause negative consumption … externalities in the presence of a preferential trade agreement (PTA) in a three-country world. In particular, we examine how a PTA …

-parametric formulas, we measure how trade modifies the deadweight loss of markups through two channels: (1) trade-induced change in markup … zero-sum welfare effects similar to implicit tariffs that tilt the terms of trade in favor of countries exporting high … compile new data on global profit ownership. Our findings reveal that trade has greatly reshaped the global incidence of …

This paper develops a two-country model of international trade in which citizens who are heterogeneous with respect to … income and trade taxes in a unified international-trade framework, we uncover the interplay between majority voting over … these two instruments at the domestic level and strategic interdependencies between countries' trade policies. Our main …

Import regulations are globally the most prevalent form of intervention in international trade. The regulations should … social benefit and producer protection. Inefficiency and distributional effects are consistent with producerprotecting trade …

This paper discusses the design, implementation and use of standards from the perspective of transaction costs … economics. A proper design and implementation of standards may lead to a considerable reduction of transaction costs, which … enhances trade and, consequently, economic welfare. A major example is the use of containers, which has drastically changed the …

trade policies. First, an export subsidy increases the steady-state average quality of exports and welfare in a LQE, but …