Becker's theory of crime, penalties must be at least as high as expected benefits to deter crimes. For example, we start by … multiplying cartel infringement by the reciprocal of the probability of detection and punishment. When we factor in expected … personal benefits. In theory, deterrence to participate in cartel activities must be based both on the incentives of firms as a …

.S. antitrust cartel prosecutions during the period 1969-2013. This period has seen substantive policy innovations with increasing …While price-fixing cartel prosecutions have received significant attention, the policy determinants and the political … preferences that guide such antitrust prosecutions remain understudied. We empirically examine the intertemporal shifts in U …

To encourage private actions for damages in antitrust cases some jurisdictions subtract a fraction of the redress from …