The literature has identified that countries with higher levels of openness tend to present a larger government sector … as a way to reduce the risks to the economy that openness entails. This paper argues that there are a number of policies … between openness and the size of government might be mediated by the quality of its public sector. While countries with weak …

's openness to trade is positively associated with public employment in low- and middle-income countries, but inversely related in … income, population, and openness to trade, and to compare the actual levels with the predicted ones. In general, public …