The determination of optimal fines to deter the formation or continuation of cartels is a major objective of competition policy. Several recent publications have suggested that the recent fines imposed by the European Commission are too low to be dissuasive and should therefore be substantially...

Corrigendum to “Are cartel fines optimal? Theory and evidence from the European Union.” The paper “Are cartel fines optimal? Theory and evidence from the European Union” can be found at 'http://ssrn.com/abstract=2342180' http://ssrn.com/abstract=2342180

This paper considers whether, why and to what extent we should conceive of transnational regulation in constitutional terms. It distinguishes between two different candidates for transnational constitutional status. On the one hand, there are various actual or potential 'holistic' transnational...

This essay revisits the theory of constitutional pluralism. This theory was first developed in the EU context as a way of understanding and defending the absence of a broadly agreed source of final authority in the relationship between national and supranational (EU) legal systems and their...

This paper looks at the way in which the legal theory of the EU has evolved over the last half century. A major theme is the ongoing tension between continuity and change - between EU legal theory as continuous with national legal theory and EU legal theory as something new and sui generis. With...