Firms that do not have enough assets to cover potential tort liability have a reduced incentive to take safety … debts. Many commentators have suggested that there should be an exception to the rule of limited liability for closely held … scale. Courts could balance these factors by beginning with a presumption of liability for the parents of subsidiaries that …

This article explores the tort liability of MNEs and looks at corporate tort as a negative externality that results … from the limited liability rule (LLR). The analysis mainly uses an economic model of cost-benefit analysis. This article … to explore the efficient liability rule that could apply to MNEs' tort liability. To this end, the intuition that guides …