related to the ownership of publicly funded research-based knowledge. Our motivation for recording this history is the … to clarify ownership of the publicness or openness of publicly funded research results when in fact such public policies … publicly funded research, be that research having occurred in federal laboratories, universities, or private …

Scientific research has properties of a public good; there are few monetary incentives for individuals to undertake … basic research and the conventional wisdom is that the market, if left to its own devices, would under- invest in research … in terms of social benefits relative to social costs. Thus research, especially of a basic nature, has traditionally been …