This paper extends the arguments surrounding carbon lock-in elaborated in Unruh (Energy Policy 28 (2000) 817; 30 (2002) 317) to countries currently undergoing industrialization. It argues that, for numerous reasons, industrializing countries are unlikely to leapfrog carbon intensive energy...

this paper aims to broaden the understanding of the process of technological change and standardization through an evolutionary approach, which avoids the determinism of conventional orthodox models of technology diffusion and standardization. A model is developed to explore how change between...