This paper presents a new methodology to detect corruption in customs and applies it to Madagascar’s main port … the approach, but also triggered a novel manifestation of manipulation that rejuvenated systemic corruption. Tax revenue … losses associated with the corruption scheme are approximately 3 percent of total taxes collected and highly concentrated …

Can governments successfully combat bureaucratic corruption by "hiring integrity" from the private sector? This paper … data that governments can use to fight corruption in customs agencies. I find that countries implementing such inspection … does not change appreciably. Additional evidence suggests that declines in customs corruption are behind the import duty …

Two theories are combined to explain why free trade areas (FTAs) have proliferated more than customs unions (CUs) have … disintegration - to explain why the ratio of free trade areas to customs unions has increased over time, and why it is larger in … integration arrangements increases, the ratio of free trade areas to customs unions also increases. The same arguments are also …