We estimate effects of voluntary and mandatory disclosure of carbon emissions on stock returns, volatility, and turnover. We find that voluntary disclosure of scope 1 emissions by companies results in lower stock returns relative to non-disclosing companies. However, a cost of disclosing...

This study examines the impact of voluntary disclosure on the cost of capital and information asymmetry, and thereby on firm value in a comprehensively recursive model. We argue that there is unidirectional dependency among the information asymmetry, cost of capital, and such firm value, hence,...