Physically, pollution occurs because it is virtually impossible to have a productive process that involves no waste …; economically, pollution occurs because polluting is less expensive than operating cleanly. This chapter explores the sources and … consequences of, and remedies for, pollution and associated environmental damages. If all goods had well-defined property rights …

interplay between pollution and resource extraction is then given using a differential game based on the Cournot oligopoly model …

its intensity (i.e., the tax rate or the quota level) to price pollution. When countries price pollution non …