This paper employs a comprehensive set of “state-of-the-art” unit root tests, including the autoregressive neural network (ARNN) unit root test (Yaya et al. 2021; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics), to investigate unemployment hysteresis in five European countries: France, Italy, the...

This paper initiates a non-linear fractional unit root test also known as autoregressive neural network–fractional integration (ARNN–FI) test. The test is based on a new multilayer perceptron of a neural network process which is applied in Yaya et al. (2021). Further, to investigate the...