I investigate how the inherent complexity of the information associated with a newly introduced product affects the likelihood that the product is subsequently replicated, imitated, or both. Using information theory, I introduce a model and methods for quantifying the complexity of any product...

This paper describes how entrepreneurial firms can use superior architectural knowledge to open up a technical system to gain strategic advantage. The strategy involves, first, identifying “bottlenecks” in the existing system, and then creating a new open architecture that isolates the...