Four measures of urban patterns are identified to describe the distributions of housing units in 59 large urban areas in the United States from 1950 to 2010. These measures include density; variation in density using the index of dissimilarity; centralization measuring the proportional reduction...

We consider two channels via which foreign inputs into industrial production may lead to productivity effects. The first one concerns dynamic externalities between firms which share technical and organizational knowledge which is vital for the productivity growth of a particular industry. We...