This study analyzes the impact of medical associations (MAs) on physician income and standards of medical education and training on the job. Higher standards increase the probability of adequate treatment of patients. It can be shown that the older generations of physicians exploit the younger...

Most systems of health care financing in EU member states currently include elements of income redistribution. The paper analyzes the effects of shifting income redistribution entirely to the tax system, while confining public health systems to their insurance role. We argue that this reform...

Most systems of health care financing in EU member states currently include elements of income redistribution. The paper analyzes the effects of shifting this kind of redistribution to the tax system and argues that this reform could create two types of efficiency gains. On the expenditure side,...