achievement. Contrary to many earlier studies, tests for early borrowing constraints suggest that parents are not constrained in … early investments in their children's achievement, and thus that the timing of income does not matter for long-term child …

compensating or reinforcing behaviors by parents. These biases may be particularly important for estimating the effects of parental … parental favoritism to adjust for potential reinforcing behavior by parents. Standard fixed effects estimates suggest important …

explain the underinvestment of parents in their children's human capital. We first incorporate these two potential mechanisms … into the theoretical model of Raut & Tran (2005) and then we test their empirical relevance using data from the China … Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Our results show that especially fixed costs play an important role in …