This paper shows that the notion of rate of return is best understood through the lens of the average-internal-rate-of-return (AIRR) model, first introduced in Magni (2010a). It is an NPV-consistent approach based on a coherent definition of rate of return and on the notion of Chisini mean, it...

For investing in profitable ventures, the firms intend to recover the investment made in them. Thus, the determination of the respective cost of capital of a venture can provide a base for making decisions on whether to accept the project profitably. In this context, this paper provides some...

Llano-Ferro (2009) proposes a solution to avoid 'significant errors' when the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) obtained by the standard formula leads to significant errors in Net Present Value of the Firm calculations; particularly in those that apply to perpetual cash flow series. In...

This is an annotated appendix that accompanies the paper. In this note, we provide detailed commentary on a numerical example that illustrates the ideas that we discuss in the main paper. The numerical example is in Table18.10, Chapter 8, page 656, of the third edition of Corporate Finance,...

In this note, we extend a numerical example in the textbook by Berk & DeMarzo that matches methods for only when K_TS is equal to K_D. We show that there is a generalized formulation for the return to levered equity K_E that works for any value of K_TS, the appropriate discount rate for the tax...

In this short note, we present a nontechnical retrospection on the unbearable longevity of the classic WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) for the Free Cash Flow (FCF) in perpetuity. Over the past two decades, researchers in finance have increased greatly our understanding of the properties...

In this note, we present a simple numerical example to illustrate the case where the growth rate for the Free Cash Flow (FCF) gU is greater than but different from the growth rate for the Cash Flow to Debt (CFD) gD. Here we assume that the value of the appropriate discount rate for the tax...

In this note, we discuss two fundamental principles for Cash Flow Valuation (CFV). We hope that adherence to these two principles will improve the practice of CFV. These principles are general, relatively uncontroversial, and should be acceptable as starting points for cash flow valuation....

In this note, we present a simple numerical example, with a finite cash flow, to illustrate the concept of the Optimal Capital Structure (OCS). First, we assume that the discount rate for the tax benefits K_TB equals the return to unlevered equity K_U. The cost of debt K_D is a simple linear...

In this note, we comment on and discuss the weirdness and absurdity of the idea that Professor Fernandez has argued for. The weirdness or absurdity of a theory does not automatically disqualify a theory; however, perhaps another review of the implications of the theory may have some merit. It...